Raphael The Madonna of the Candelabra Essays - 898 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Raphael: The Madonna of the Candelabra nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;During the Italian Renaissance Raphael was one of the most influential artists. He painted many brilliant pieces, mastering the use of depth, perspective, and the use of shadow and light. Throughout his life, Raphael used the Madonna as a reoccurring subject in his work. One example of this subject is the Madonna of the Candelabra. This dark shadowy portrayal exemplifies the pure and humanistic ideals of the Madonna that made Raphael’s versions so well known and loved throughout the ages. The timeless beauty and grace that he captured and the realistic qualities of his work are†¦show more content†¦He seemed to go over the areas that he believed needed further work with darker strokes of the pen. He always strived for the perfect rendition of a naturalistic pose. His next quandary was the landscapes that would determine the location, be it a field or as in the case of the Madonna of the Candelabra, a shadowy curtained area. He was said to have had his apprentices pose so that he could capture just the right position that Mary would assume in the painting as related to the landscape(Pope-Hennessy 180). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;While Raphael was influenced by other artists of the time, such as Michelangelo and Leonardo, he remained unique in his individual style. Raphael began to use the previous renditions of the Madonna as an influence. The symbolism of the Madonna is that of beauty and grace while incorporating a sense of pureness associated with her. The use of the candles in this particular Madonna show the light of Christ that is being brought into the world by Mary. She is giving birth to the light of the world, according to the Christian faith. The halos around her head and the head of Christ add to the feeling of holiness that the painting was intended to imply. The other figures appear to be angels overlooking the mother and child, as if guardians from heaven sent to watch over them like a shepherd watches over his sheep. There is no reason that this painting was named the Madonna of the Candelabra other than the fact of the presence of theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Manne rism in Florence and Rome2819 Words   |  12 PagesMannerism in Florence and Rome - considered to be more self- consciously artificial - derived from aspects of Raphael and Michelangelo - cold formalism was considered to be inner vision Rosso - (1494-1540), Italian painter, whose early works helped define Italian mannerism - later was a founder of French mannerism - was born Giovanni Battista di Jacopo di Guasparre in Florence - early work had odd perspectives, violent colors, and harsh lighting - 1523 Rosso moved to Rome, where

Developing Countries Are Plagued By Issues Of Poor...

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION, THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING 1.1 Relevance of study Developing countries are plagued by issues of poor maternal, infant and child health (WHO 2011). Approximately 358000 women die during pregnancy and 7.6 million children under five years of age die annually, worldwide (WHO 2011). Adequate maternal health and nutrition are imperative for child survival (WHO 2011). Maternal, perinatal and under-five mortality is still considerably high in South Africa [Department of Health (DOH) 2012]. This is despite efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), MDG 4 (reduce child mortality) and MDG 5 (improve maternal health), which aim to improve the health and well-being of children and mothers’ (DOH 2012). The first 1000 days is a very important period. It is the period from the beginning of conception until a child’s second birthday (Save the Children 2012). In this stage, epigenetic and early nutritional programming occurs (NRC et al 2013). It is also the period where foundations on a child’s future health are laid (Save the Children 2012). Many mothers’ worldwide suffer from malnutrition (Save the Children 2012). Subsequently, mothers’ have a greater risk of death or giving birth to a preterm, underweight or malnourished infant (Save the Children 2012). Good nutrition during the first 1000 days is important to lay the foundation for optimal child brain development (Save the Children 2012). Optimal nutrition allows children to haveShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Countries Are Plagued By Poor Maternal, Infant And Child Health Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesDeveloping countries are plagued by issues of poor maternal, infant and child health (WHO 2011). Ap proximately 358000 women die during pregnancy and 7.6 million children under five years of age die annually, worldwide (WHO 2011). Adequate maternal health and nutrition are imperative for child survival (WHO 2011). Maternal, perinatal and under-five mortality is still considerably high in South Africa [Department of Health (DOH) 2012]. This is despite efforts to achieve the Millennium DevelopmentRead MoreThe Leading Cause Of Death And Disability For Somali Women Of Reproductive Age Essay962 Words   |  4 Pagesduring pregnancy and childbirth, lack of access to skilled birth attendants, narrowly spaced births, early adolescent marriages, and female genital mutilation/cutting. Maternal mortality in Somalia is high and on the rise, it’s significantly higher than that of other developing countries. Country make steps towards reducing maternal mortality rates in Somalia. Cost is the main reason why mothers deliver at home and don’t seek help, even when there is a loc al clinic. By providing mothers with goodRead MoreEssay on Brazil and Maternal Health2146 Words   |  9 Pages Brazil Maternal Health: Brazil is the largest country in South America and is the fifth largest nation in the world, with a land mass of about 8,514,877 sq. km and a population of approximately 201,009,622 people (The World Factbook). The Amazon Rainforest accounts for a large part of this area, which is home to a majority of the indigenous people. Brazil also accounts for nearly one-third of Latin America’s population (Encyclopedia Britannica). The country gained its independence in 1822,Read MoreUndernutrition10134 Words   |  41 Pagescommunities and the world as a whole. Undernutrition is, by the same logic, devastating. It blunts the intellect, saps the productivity of everyone it touches and perpetuates poverty. Stunting - or low height for age - traps people into a lifelong cycle of poor nutrition, illness, poverty and inequity. The damage to physical and cognitive development, especially during the first two years of a child’s life, is largely irreversible. A child’s poorer school performance results in future income reductions ofRead MoreThe Role of Financial Institutions in the Economic Development of Bangladesh11088 Words   |  45 Pagesconserved. Limiting the trader to an SSI also lowers the likelihood of a fraud. Regulation Financial institutions in most countries operate in a heavily regulated environment as they are critical parts of countries economies. Regulation structures differ in each country, but typically involve prudential regulation as well as consumer protection and market stability. Some countries have one consolidated agency that regulates all financial institutions while other have separate agencies for differentRead MoreArticle: Performance Appraisal and Performance Management35812 Words   |  144 PagesIOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSRJBM) ISSN: 2278-487X Volume 3, Issue 5 (Sep,-Oct. 2012), PP 01-06 www.iosrjournals.org From Performance Appraisal to Performance Management 1 Ms. Leena Toppo, 2Dr. (Mrs.) Twinkle Prusty 1,2 (Faculty of Commerce, Banaras Hindu University, INDIA) ABSTRACT: Performance appraisal and performance management were one of the emerging issues since last decade. Many organizations have shifted from employee’s performance appraisal system to employee’s

Multiple Sclerosis Informative Outline Essay - 884 Words

Title: All about MS General Purpose: To Inform Specific Speech Purpose: To provide my audience with information about MS and its life changing results. Introduction 1. Attention Getter: Imagine trying to take casual walk on a brisk autumn evening and not being able to feel your legs. This is one of the many symptoms that people with multiple sclerosis, also known as MS, deal with every day. 2. Thesis: Multiple sclerosis brings daily challenges to whomever struggles with it, but with the right team of doctors and medication, it can be maintained. 3. Motivation: My hope is that by the end of my talk tonight, you will have a better understanding of what MS is, how†¦show more content†¦b. Support: In 2007, it was reported that approximately 2.5 million people in the world have MS. c. Transition for second point 1. Main point 2: So now that I have talked about what MS is, let us continue on to what the symptoms are and how it can be diagnosed. In most cases, the symptoms generally appear between the ages of 20 and 40 and affect more than twice as many women as men. Comm on indicators of MS are fatigue, dizziness, numbness and tingling, weakness, blurred vision, heat sensitivity, slurred speech, problems with memory and concentration, loss of balance and more. Sometimes the symptoms disappear completely and the person regains lost functions or sometimes a change in their life causes the symptoms to resurface and return stronger than ever. In my observations, my Dads’ MS is strongest in hot weather and during times of high stress. The symptoms normally vary from person to person, which makes it hard to diagnose. There are currently no lab tests that can be done to rule out or confirm MS, but MRI’s can help reach a strong diagnosis. MS is not considered a fatal disease, but many people struggle to live as productively as they desire, often facing many limitations. a. Support: Common indicators of MS are fatigue, dizziness, numbness and tingling, weakness, blurred vision, heat sensitivity, slurred speech, problems with memory and concentr ation,Show MoreRelatedTopic On Benefits Of Drinking Coffee960 Words   |  4 PagesRyan McGrath Dixon COMM 1101-37 22 September 2015 Informative Outline Topic: Benefits of drinking coffee. General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform the class of some of the many ways in which coffee can have a positive impact on your health. Thesis Statement: Drinking coffee can benefit your health in a number of ways, including lowering your risk of developing (1) cardiovascular problems, (2) neurological diseases, and (3) certain kinds of cancer. Introduction I. [Attention Getter]Read MoreInformative Speech : Strokes Of Young Adults1239 Words   |  5 PagesDanielle Sinquefield Informative Outline Topic: Strokes in Young Adults General Purpose To Inform Specific Purpose: To educate my audience on the causes, symptoms, and preventive measures of strokes in young adults. Thesis: Strokes are commonly associated with old age, symptoms and awareness are often unnoticed in young adults due to ambiguity about strokes. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: As young adults, many of us may feel immune from ailments typically associated with theRead MoreUnit 4222-201 Introduction to Communication in Health, Social Care or Children’s and Young People’s Settings14457 Words   |  58 Pagesusing: Communication books, Handover with Colleagues, staff message book, Staff meetings, meetings with my Line Manager Etc. Effective communication is important as it ensures that information is: clear, concise, accurate, non-judgmental, and informative. This reduces the possibility of mistakes being made, and ensuring appropriate care service delivery. It is important to work as a team with your colleagues, so that you all work to achieve the same outcomes and targets. 1.3 Explain why it is importantRead MoreDamodaran Book on Investment Valuation, 2nd Edition398423 Words   |  1594 PagesEquity Models Chapter 15: Firm Valuation: Cost of Capital and APV Approaches Chapter 16: Estimating Equity Value Per Share Chapter 17: Fundamental Principles of Relative Valuation Chapter 18: Earnings Multiples Chapter 19: Book Value Multiples Chapter 20: Revenue and Sector-Specific Multiples Chapter 21: Valuing Financial Service Firms Chapter 22: Valuing Firms with Negative Earnings Chapter 23: Valuing Young and Start-up Firms Chapter 24: Valuing Private Firms Chapter 25: Acquisitions and Takeovers

Case Study Walt Disney Company - 1789 Words

1 – Chapter One 1.1 – Case Study Background: The Walt Disney Company was founded on October 16, 1923 when Mr.Walt Disney signed a contract with Mr. Winkler for producing a series of Alice Comedy. Then the company never stop. Its first cartoon Trolley Troubles was released in 1927 whereas, very first â€Å"Mickey Mouse† cartoon was released in 1928 and it was also the first appearance of â€Å"Minnie Mouseon† on screen. Moreover, the first full-color cartoon Flowers and Trees was released in 1932 which won Academy Award. Donald Duck was appeared for first time in 1934 and â€Å"Mikey Mouse† color cartoon was released in 1935. Furthermore, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released in 1937 which was The Walt Disney Company’s very first†¦show more content†¦In year 1986 Apple Inc. provided its funds for the studio and Steve Jobs became its majority stakeholder. The Walt Disney Company purchased Pixar in 2006 at the valuation of $ 7,400,000,000 which made Steve Jobs The Walt Disney Company s l argest single shareholder. 1.2 – Statement of the Problem: Disney Animation Studios was founded in America in year 1923 when Walt Disney agreed on a contract with M.J. Winkler and signed it. Its famous cartoons Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck were introduced in 1930 s. Whereas, it’s very first feature-length movie Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released in 1937 which has been considered as a huge step forward for the company. Besides, its first live action movie Treasure Island was released in 1950 which introduced different ways of success and growth for the company. Walt Disney died in 1966 but The Walt Disney Company did not stop and moved forward. Figure1: Annual Revenues of Walt Disney (Watts, 2013) On the other hand, Pixar was basically founded in 1979 as a graphics group and was named Lucafilm s Computer Division. This company was doing very well and Steve Jobs realised its capabilities and potential in technology and innovation. Thus, Steve jobs purchased this company in 1986 and renamed it Pixar. This company had potential and enjoyed successes by releasing different and innovative movies. Toy Story 3 was the highest grossing animated movie by the company. Figure2: AnnualShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Walt Disney Company5336 Words   |  22 Pages1 – Chapter One 1.1 – Case Study Background: The Walt Disney Company was founded on October 16, 1923 when Mr. Walt Disney signed a contract with Mr. Winkler for producing a series of Alice Comedy. Then the company never stop. Its first cartoon Trolley Troubles was released in 1927 whereas, very first â€Å"Mickey Mouse† cartoon was released in 1928 and it was also the first appearance of â€Å"Minnie Mouse† on screen. Moreover, the first full-colour cartoon Flowers and Trees was released in 1932 whichRead MoreEssay Walt Disney Company Case Study1555 Words   |  7 PagesWalt Disney Company Case Study PART I Why is Disney so successful The success of Disney is a combination of creativity and innovations, and the managerial ability to identify and take advantage of every possible synergy. Walter Disney was the entrepreneur who had the creative skills. Knowing his limitations, he let other people do what he couldnt do good enough himself. This is an important skill, as it leads to quality products being made. The step from making short cartoons to doingRead MoreA Strategic Management Case Study on the Walt Disney Company8543 Words   |  35 PagesA Strategic Management Case Study on Erika Erro | Mimilanie M. Mabanta | Javi Mendezona | Clara Poblador Tour 198 Prof. Emma Lina F. Lopez Introduction Company Background When brothers Walt and Roy Disney moved to Los Angeles in 1923, they went there to sell their cartoons and animated shorts. One could only  dream  that their name would one day be synonymous with entertainment worldwide. But then again, that is how The Walt Disney Company has made their fortunes over the last severalRead MoreEssay on The Walt Disney Company Case Study2812 Words   |  12 PagesBUSMRH 4490 Strategic Management Case 2 The Walt Disney Company: The Entertainment King Kaitlyn Kisiday Alex Maicks Chelsea Parker Jonathan Russ Ryan Terek 1.) Why has Disney been successful for so long? Disney has sustained prolonged success for a variety of reasons. One source of success was the way Walt and Roy Disney decided to manage the company internally when the organization was founded in 1923. Disney emphasized teamwork, communication, and cooperation in the workplaceRead MoreDisney s Corporate Strategy For Long Term1314 Words   |  6 Pages------------------------------------------- Title Page Page 2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Table of Contents Page 3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Disney s Corporate Strategy Page 4 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Assessment of long-term Page 5 -------------------------------------------------------------- Assessment of Competitive Strengths Page 7Read MoreIn A Narrative Format Discuss The Key Facts And Critical955 Words   |  4 PagesIn a narrative format discuss the key facts and critical issues presented in the case. The key facts presented in the ?Walt Disney Around the Globe? case study presented by Ferrell, Hurt, Ferrell, 2009, discussed expansion and more specifically globalization expansion into international markets. The key facts presented were the history of The Walt Disney Company. Disneyland first opened in 1955 in Anaheim, California with a second location opening in Orlando, Florida in 1971, and the barriersRead MoreDisney s Strategic Process Of Success Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesWalt Disney transformed a small private company into a blooming public company surrounded by success. The case study presents his strategic process of success starting from the ground-potential he encompassed as a young boy. Today, Disney is still a famous company seen throughout everyday life in a wide variety of presentations. Disney is represented through movies, short films, cartoons, television networks, theme parks, hotels, and characters. In accordance to the case study, the most importantRea d MoreThe Euro Disneyland Case Essay999 Words   |  4 Pagesmassive success that the Walt Disney Company has achieved in Tokyo, the company suffered a big failure in the next overseas expansion venture which was named Euro Disneyland. The failure’s main reason was the lack of the emotional intelligence that should be present in effective leaders. In particular, the emotional intelligence components are: self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skill. The most important element that was missing in this case is empathy which representsRead MoreWalt Disney1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe Walt Disney Company: The Entertainment King Case Analysis The Walt Disney Company is one of the largest media and entertainment corporations in the world. Disney is able to create sustainable profits due to its heterogeneity, inimitability, co-specialization and immense foresight. It also successfully uses synergy to create value across its many business units. After it s founder Walter Disney s death, the company started to lose its ground and performance declined. Michael Eisner became CEORead MoreThe Disney Company : Organizational Culture1542 Words   |  7 PagesThe Walt Disney Company is a diversified multinational entertainment organization with five business sectors encompassing media networks, resorts and parks, studio entertainment, consumer products, and interactive media (The Walt Disney Company, 2014). Starting in 1923 as a simple cartoon studio, The Walt Disney Company has since evolved into a powerful, international, media enterprise employing nearly 180,000 people in over 40 countries (The World’s Most Valuable Brands, n.d.). Walt Disney asserts

The European Union International Politics And Its Future...

Established in 1887, the European Union (EU) was initially created as a means to protect and defend peace and facilitate economic recovery after the end of World War Two throughout the six original members states; France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands. Since its conception, the EU has become a significant player in the global arena, economically, politically and also in the form of humanitarian and environmental aid and assistance around the world, currently providing 60% of the worlds development assistance ( Michel, 2007, pg. 23). The question of whether the European union is a significant global actor however, needs firstly to take into consideration the very definition of the European Union as a global entity, and also the definition of the area of ‘actorness’. Once clarified, this essay will argue that the EU’s global presence, capability as an institution in international politics and its future opportunity all demonstrate the EUâ⠂¬â„¢s capabilities as a significant global actor in the global political arena. On the 9th August, 2005 at the Die Zeit summer school, Hamburg, Olli Ilmari Rehn who served as European Commissioner from 2004-2014 made a speech titled â€Å"The European Union as a Global Actor?† in which he stated, â€Å" I strongly believe that the EU’s creation of a rules-based framework that is respected worldwide makes Europe a global actor.† From a realist or traditional perspective, states have been prioritised as the only significant globalShow MoreRelatedThe Western Civilization1106 Words   |  5 Pagesthe military is an inescapable means to resolve international issues. This bias contributes to explaining the surprising proposition that neither the European Union nor NATO seems willing to acknowledge that it develops a grand strategy. One can advance that the EU and NATO do so because they project their biases onto other actors and, therefore, fear that opponents as well as partners might interpret such acknowledgment as a move towards power politi cs. This bias deserves further scrutiny and substantiationRead MoreThe Union Of The European Union Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pagesbe leaving the European Union. In what has since become known as Brexit, the United Kingdom held a referendum in which 52 percent of the voting-eligible population chose in favor of the country’s departure from the 28 country politico-economic union. When this political issue is analyzed, it is important to understand the reasoning behind Britain’s decision and the many factors that drove them to this resolution. The people of the United Kingdom decided to leave the European Union based on economicRead MoreThe United Kingdom And The Uk Essay794 Words   |  4 Pagesstructure (United Kingdom: Constitution and politics, 2016). Queen Elizabeth II Is the current reigning monarch of the United Kingdom. The economy of the UK is among the largest in the world. It is the world s fifth largest economy ranked by nominal GDP. The UK has been a popul ar choice for FDI in Europe. Businesses opt to expand or interchange their businesses within the UK because it is an idyllic location. More businesses decide to place their European HQs within the United Kingdom than elsewhereRead MoreImpact of Globalization in Belgium802 Words   |  3 Pagesthe various aspects such as economy, social, education, labor, and politics. 1.3.1 Economy Apart from globalization, it would give a big impact to the economic sector in the Belgium country, whether will give benefit to the nation or harm as well. One benefit of the globalization is can access a new market among the business worker are there. Based on Borio and Filardo (2006), Belgium’s economy is more dependent on international trade. Due to globalization, Belgium had implemented the free tradeRead MoreThe European Union As A Powerful Entity1612 Words   |  7 PagesThe European Union itself is a powerful entity. From its beginning in the 1950 s, it was meant to be an economic, rather than political or militaristic means to spur prosperity. Its purpose is to allow the less restricted movement of capital and goods across the borders of European countries. Even more, a common currency eliminates the hassle and frustrations that come with international trade otherwise. Another benefit is the elimination of tariffs and other trade restrictions, which disappearRead Mo reThe Battle Of Waterloo By Victor Hugo Essay1375 Words   |  6 Pagessome truth to his words, for the Battle of Waterloo and its unexpected outcome significantly impacted the future of France and the rest of Europe and derailed the course of history. If any battle in history can be called a decisive battle, it is the Battle of Waterloo, which prematurely ended Napoleon Bonaparte’s Hundred Days of restoration and 23 years of warfare between France and other European powers. As Professor of History Yuval Noah Harari wrote, â€Å"some battles...can change the course of historyRead MoreUnited States And International Trade Agreements1849 Words   |  8 PagesParker, the European Economic Community (EEC) aimed policy formation towards building a special trading relationship with the European colonies through the implementation of international institutions (2015, p. 475). In order to maintain bilateral and multilateral trade, the World Bank was created to help develop states ’ economies, and the International Monetary Fund was established to help states balance their payments and to provide monetary aid to states in economic crises. International Trade OrganizationRead MoreToward a New World Order1155 Words   |  5 PagesNew World Order In 1988 the world begun to see the start of the most drastic change in geo-politics since the end of the Second World War. New policies set in place by Premier Gorbachev had intended to jump start the failing Soviet economy, instead they solidified the dissolution of the Soviet Union. By 1986, Perestroika and Glasnost had led to the liberalization of the USSR economies and politics as never before seen in history. In 1988, the Communist party lost elections and governmentalRead MoreThe Overall Projects Calls For Regression Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesvariable is the % of individuals in a given Local Authority area who voted in favor of exiting the European Union. The data for this was retrieved from the BBC’s publication of electoral commission results. Independent Variables The model we design here is based on a number of factors supported in the literature as economic measures that should be able to capture exposure of the economy to international pressure – as well as general measure of economic deprivation, in addition to immigration as bothRead MoreTransatlantic Geopolitical Alliance Of United Europe And The United States Essay2046 Words   |  9 Pagesissues of global politics the United States and the EU have the same positions, while US leadership is obvious. However, transatlantic differences between Americans and Europeans are very noticeable in recent years. Europe is becoming increasingly strong geopolitical actor in the transatlantic alliance and European politicians seek to play a more independent role. The process of European integration proceeds slowly and contradictory, but it is already clear what unprecedented opportunities it opens up

Empowering Empoyees free essay sample

The invention of smartness has particularly made this easy and this has considerably raised concerns about a brands future success. A simple positive tweet from a popular figure can as simply promote a product s well as diminish it if negative. Empowering of employees would hence come in handy. For instance, a customers problem can be solved as quickly as the customer airs the issue instead of letting it sore out, and this would eventually promote a firms positive image.Moreover, HERO-driven innovations and marketing strategies through the social sites provide a platform for reaching out to customers problems and find ways to stimulate, harness, and channel their innovations. Critique The author is quick and vivid to support his idea of empowering employees in a firm. The examples used adequately support this idea and are on point nee such being Youth video social media marketing. Judging from the overall tone used, the author is more inclined in support of deploying methods to empower the employees. We will write a custom essay sample on Empowering Empoyees or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, he proves biased into the idea for he lightly touches on the down-sides of empowering employees. For instance, he quickly draws off on the security concerns associated with such an undertaking and also makes a mockery comment on firms that will not support this idea at the end of the article. In contrast, it is evident that empowering employees in a firm is a positive and profitable approach if a firm successfully employs it.

Scholars Researched on Organizational Citizenship Behaviour

Question: Describe about litreature review scholars researched on organizational citizenship behaviour? Answer: Introduction: An account that has been published on a certain topic by scholars is known as Literature Review. Scholars have researched on Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) for more than nearly twenty five years. Still this area remains to be very interesting and continues to be the area of interest for the scholars. While the employees are working in the organization, OCB refers to the kind of behaviour shown by the employees (Wieseke, 2006). This literature review details about the scope, nature and meaning of OCB. In this article of review, the different kinds of dimensions of OCB are also explained. The five dimensions given by Organ (1988) is also discussed in this paper. In this paper, references to other dimensions of OCB referred by other scholars have been also explained. Body: When an employee stays in an organization, there are certain behaviour which is expected from him according to the rules and regulations of the organization. Also there are certain behaviour which is abiding on him by the rules and regulations of the organization. However the employees sometimes go beyond the rules and regulations and they perform some extra duties. Such duties are called extra role behaviour as it is over and above the normal duties that he performs for the organization. In 1988, Organ studied the concept of OCB in the US. It is a kind of behaviour for which the employee neither is requested nor is rewarded for. However such behaviour from employee can be beneficial from the point of view of the organization (Smith, Organ Near, 1983). OCB Is important from the perspective of an organization as it cannot survive if the employees do not show their positive behaviour or good citizenship for the sake of organization. For the survival of the organization, OCB is importa nt. OCB can help improve production, coordination among employees, employee recruitment and co-worker engagement. Several studies show that OCB has played a vital role for the growth and enhancement of the organization. OCB can also be known as good soldier syndrome. Employees who are committed to the organization are more likely to exhibit OCB towards the organization. Committed employees are found to be reporting to workplace on time. They are helpful and innovative in nature. Such employees refrain from activities like complaining and finding faults with other employees. Also it should be remembered that OCB is not related to any kind of reward system. But if there is presence of OCB in the organization, then the organization functions well. It also helps to improve the productivity of the organization. According to Organ, there are five different behavioural types of OCB. They are Civic Virtue Sportsmanship Courtesy Altruism Conscientiousness All of these five behavioural types are essential for effective functioning of the organization. Also employees cannot be forcefully demanded to perform OCB. On one hand, they cannot be forcefully asked to show OCB. On the other hand, the employees also should not expect that if they show OCB they would be rewarded for showing it. However one thing should always be kept in mind, that OCB is always noticed by an employer. If an employee exhibits OCB, it never goes unnoticed. His supervisor would note it down and he might be reward directly or indirectly by the organization. An employee exhibiting OCB might get a preferential treatment or a promotional as a reward. Also Organ (1988) has found that this behaviour comes from within or inside of the employee. On the basis of the literature review, OCB can be divided into seven types. They are as follows: 1. When an employee helps others voluntarily it is called the helping behaviour2. When an employee maintains positive attitude and sacrifices his own interests for the sake of the organization, it is known as sportsmanship3. Trying to make a positive image in front of the outsiders as well as being loyal to the organization. This is an example of organization loyalty.4. When an employee obeys and complies to all the rules, procedures and regulations of the organization, he proves to exhibit OCB towards the organization. Such kind of activity is known as organization compliance.5. For the benefit of the organization, the employee need to proactive. When he tries to improve his own work as well as tries to encourage others to do work, it is known as individual initiative.6. When an employee participates in the political membership of the organization, it is known as civic virtue7. In order to contribute more the company, when the employee tries to enhance his knowledge and improve his skills, at that stage he tries to self develop himself for the betterment of himself as well as the organization (Organ, 1997). Five Dimension of Ocb While defining OCB, there are two main approaches. One is the role behaviour and the other one is extra role behaviour. The role that goes beyond and does something extra is known as OCB. According to Castro and Armario it is quite difficult to differentiate between role and the extra role performances in the organization. There are five basic personality factors which affects most of the differences in personalities. These dimensions are known as Big Five Dimensions. The dimensions are altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy, sportsmanship and civic virtue. When you help others, the helping nature or helpfulness is known as altruism. If some employee faces some difficulty in doing task and you help him in doing that, it is known as altruism. For example: helping new employees on your own and helping workers who are overloaded with work and helping employees who were absent from work for a long time or helping others who are stuck with some difficult work. It is a voluntary behaviour where an employee helps or assists another employee to get his work completed. When an employee obeys rules, procedures of the organization without taking any extra breaks and works beyond his shift hours, it is known as conscientiousness. When an employee is found to be punctual and he has a good attendance. Overall, the employee tries to gives an impression that he is a good and responsible citizen of the organization. When the employee is highly conscientious, it implies that he is highly responsible towards the organization and he does not need much supervision. The two major dimensions of OCB of altruism and conscientiousness. With the help of conscientiousness, we can understand that the employee is hardworking, goal oriented, responsible and a committed employee of the organization (Willering, 1999). Also it indicates that he is dedicated towards his job ie. he likes to work for long hours and volunteers and performs duties. When an employee does not complain and his interest is likely to be of less important than the interest of the organization is better known as sportsmanship. The employee has a willingness to tolerate all the inconveniences that come along as he works in the organization without complaining. While working in the organization, he never complains or argues about inevitable conditions that he faces. In an workplace, there might be many problems occurring, but an employee who exhibits OCB never complains of the problem rather tries to solve them as for him the interest of the organization is more important for him. So in other words, we can say, when an employee exhibits willingness to tolerate any kind of minor or temporary inconvenience without any any kind of abuse or complaint. There are some gestures that help prevent different problems from occurring. This is what is known as courtesy. Some examples of courtesy can be cited here. When some employee is in need of the work schedule, giving notice about the same to the employee prior to the start of the work or talking to other employees and consulting them before taking any final decision as the decision might affect them is a example of courtesy. Another example of courtesy is leaving the printer in good condition for the other workers to use it (Organ, 1988). When an employee contributes in the political process of the organization, it is known as civic virtue. When the employee attends meetings and expresses his opinions and views freely and discusses different kinds of issues then he is said to contribute in the political process of the organization. When the employee is actively involved and concerned about the company, then he participates in the political process of the organization. It shows the employees willingness to monitor organizations events, threats and opportunities. Conclusion: Hence it can be concluded that when an employee plays an extra role apart from the normal role it is known as OCB. Although the company should never expect the employee to exhibit OCB, but OCB is always beneficial for the survival of the company. On the other hand an employee should never exhibit OCB with the hope of being rewarded by the company. Although employees who exhibits OCB, they are always noticed and are given preferential treatment. Employees who exhibit OCB help in the growth, production and survival of the company. References: 1. 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